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How to File an FIR in India: A Step-by-Step Guide


Filing a First Information Report (FIR) is the first and most crucial step in reporting a crime in India. Whether you are a victim or a witness, knowing how to file an FIR ensures that legal action is initiated promptly. This guide explains the process, your rights, and what to do if the police refuse to register your complaint.

What is an FIR?

An FIR (First Information Report) is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about a cognizable offense (a serious crime where police can arrest without a warrant, such as theft, assault, rape, or murder).

  • Legal Basis: Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) governs FIR registration.
  • Purpose: It initiates the criminal justice process and enables police to investigate the offense.

When Should You File an FIR?

You should file an FIR if:
✔ You are a victim of a crime (e.g., theft, assault, cheating, sexual harassment).
✔ You witness a crime (e.g., accident, murder, kidnapping).
✔ You have credible information about a serious offense.

Step-by-Step Process to File an FIR

1. Visit the Nearest Police Station

  • The FIR must be filed at the police station under whose jurisdiction the crime occurred.
  • If unsure, go to any police station—they will forward it to the right one.

2. Provide Details of the Crime

  • Explain the incident clearly and accurately to the officer in charge.
  • Include:
    • Date, time, and location of the crime.
    • Names/descriptions of accused (if known).
    • Witnesses (if any).
    • Supporting evidence (photos, videos, medical reports).

3. Demand a Written FIR

  • The police must record your complaint in writing.
  • You can:
    • Write it yourself and submit it.
    • Dictate it to the officer, who should note it down.

4. Verify & Sign the FIR

  • Read the FIR carefully before signing.
  • Ensure all details are correct—do not sign if there are errors.
  • Get a free copy of the FIR (your right under BNSS).

5. FIR Registration & Investigation

  • Once filed, the police must:
    • Assign a unique FIR number.
    • Begin an immediate investigation.
    • Submit a report to the magistrate.

What If the Police Refuse to File an FIR?

If the police deny registering your complaint:

1. Submit a Written Complaint

  • Draft a complaint and send it to the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) via registered post.

2. Approach the Magistrate

  • Under Section 175(3) BNSS, you can file a petition before a judicial magistrate, who can order the police to register the FIR.

3. File an Online Complaint

  • Many states allow e-FIRs for certain offenses (e.g., lost property, minor crimes).
  • Visit your state police’s online portal (e.g., Delhi Police, UP Police).

4. Contact Legal Aid or Human Rights Commissions

  • National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
  • State Women’s Commission (if related to gender-based violence)

Important Rights & Tips

🔹 FIR can be filed by anyone, not just the victim.
🔹 No fee is required to file an FIR.
🔹 Police cannot refuse to register an FIR for a cognizable offense.
🔹 False FIRs are punishable under Sections 217 & 248 BNS.

Conclusion

Filing an FIR is your legal right—do not hesitate to demand it if a crime occurs. If the police refuse, escalate the matter to higher authorities. A timely FIR ensures justice and deters criminals.

Share this guide to help others know their rights!


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